The clash of race, temperament, language, industrial and personal traditions, flare up щ disagreements, more or less violent, or are smothered by the exigencies of the trade and overcome by time. Most often, goodnatured indifference does duty for real toleration and the work proceeds." Lest we give Barnes more credit for lack of prejudice than he deserves, he added: "Always there is the shifting of races with the gradual increase of the less efficient types of worker; the substitution of the southern and southeastern European for the older, more easily assimilated Celt or Saxon." And he worried that this new breed was getting scrawnier:". . . many are small and wiry, but... the eagerness of the Italians for work, their willingness to submit to deductions from their wages, leaving a neat little commission to be divided among foremen, saloon keepers, and native bosses-all these considerations insured the permanence of the Italian in longshore work." Some of these European dockworkers brought with them a familiarity with radical politics, and at the very least a workingclass solidarity, which made them ripe for unionization and willing to strike, if necessary. It was these same groups of politicized immigrants who helped get five Socialist Party candidates elected to the State Assembly from New York City. Indeed, in 1920, during the socalled "Red Scare," when the Lusk Legislative Committee investigated subversive activity throughout New York State, it went so far as to prepare an "Ethnic Map" of Manhattan, showing in which neighborhoods the nonAngloSaxon nationalities were concentrated, making an unapologetic equation between foreign birth and revolutionary activity. Admittedly, the powers that be did have something to worry about. The era around the First World War saw the resurgence of a militant labor movement, culminating in a national wave of strikes during 1919. That year the federal government had decided to hold the line on wages, and shipping companies offered longshoremen only a fivecent increase on the regular sixtyfivecentsanhour pay, and ten cents an hour on overtime. (This insulting fiveandten offer was sardonically called the Woolworth Award.) When the longshoremen struck, in a wildcat action that paralyzed the port, tying up more than 600 vessels in the harbor, the head of . International Longshoremen's Association president Т. V. 'Connor who opposed the strike, said it was the work of "the Italian ele aided by German sympathizers." The press agreed that it was a "Bolshevik conspiracy," led by foreigners, chiefly Italians, men from "166 S ckett Street in Brooklyn." This address was the headquarters of the International Workers of the World-the "Wobblies," as they were above a fruitandvegetable stand. (By coincidence, I live on Sackett Street, in an old Italian neighborhood, and my heart raced when I saw that in print; but when I looked for number 166,1 found the entire block had been torn down and replaced by the BrooklynQueens Expressway.